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Shanghai to Rotterdam freight CO2 emissions
One tonne of cargo shipped Shanghai (CNSHA) to Rotterdam (NLRTM) by sea emits 147 kg CO2e well-to-wake at GLEC v3.2 default factors. The same tonne by air emits 5,654.4 kg — roughly 38x the sea number.
Lane noteAsia-Europe headhaul deep-sea via Suez. Post-2023 Red Sea Houthi attacks forced most Asia-Europe carriers around the Cape of Good Hope, adding ~3,500 nautical miles per loop and ~25% to per-voyage CO2.
Per-tonne CO2e by mode
Sea freight
Container ship 8,000-15,000 TEU
- Distance
- 19,600 km
- Factor (WTW)
- 7.5 g CO2e/tkm
- Per shipment
- 1 t × 19,600 km
- Factor source
- GLEC v3.2 container 8,000-15,000 TEU (Post-Panamax, WTW)
Rail freight
Mixed-traction intermodal rail
- Distance
- 11,200 km
- Factor (WTW)
- 28 g CO2e/tkm
- Per shipment
- 1 t × 11,200 km
- Factor source
- GLEC v3.2 mixed-traction intermodal rail (WTW)
Air freight
Long-haul belly cargo
- Distance
- 9,300 km
- Factor (WTW)
- 608 g CO2e/tkm
- Per shipment
- 1 t × 9,300 km
- Factor source
- GLEC v3.2 long-haul belly cargo allocation (WTW)
Mode comparison
On the Shanghai to Rotterdam lane, air freight emits about 38 times more CO2e per tonne than sea freight at GLEC v3.2 defaults. The gap is driven by the WTW factor difference between long-haul belly cargo (608 g CO2e/tkm) and a Container ship 8,000-15,000 TEU (7.5 g CO2e/tkm), partly offset by the shorter great-circle air routing.
Where rail is viable on this lane, it sits between sea and road — see the per-mode card above for the exact split.
Try this in the calculator
These numbers are GLEC v3.2 defaults at 1 tonne. Change weight, vessel class, or load factor in the calculator and see the per-mode CO2e update under ISO 14083:2023 data quality tiers.
Methodology references
- Methodology — GLEC v3.2 emission factors and ISO 14083 data quality tiers
- GLEC v3.2 in practice — three worked emission calculations
- Per-class container ship CO2 factors by TEU range
- What changed in GLEC v3.2 vs v3.0 and v3.1
- Glossary — WTW vs TTW vs WTT, ISO 14083 data quality tier definitions
- The 2026 State of Freight Emissions Report
- All trade-lane CO2 pages