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Shanghai to Hamburg freight CO2 emissions
One tonne of cargo shipped Shanghai (CNSHA) to Hamburg (DEHAM) by sea emits 80.4 kg CO2e well-to-wake at GLEC v3.2 default factors. The same tonne by air emits 5,350.4 kg — roughly 67x the sea number.
Lane noteHamburg is the main North-European hub for German industry inbound. Same Suez/Cape detour applies; the rail option via the China-Europe land bridge is a real but capacity-constrained alternative — about 18 days end-to-end vs 30+ at sea.
Per-tonne CO2e by mode
Sea freight
Container ship 10,000-18,000 TEU
- Distance
- 20,100 km
- Factor (WTW)
- 4 g CO2e/tkm
- Per shipment
- 1 t × 20,100 km
- Factor source
- GLEC v3.2 container 15,000-24,000 TEU (ULCV, WTW)
Rail freight
Mixed-traction intermodal rail
- Distance
- 11,800 km
- Factor (WTW)
- 28 g CO2e/tkm
- Per shipment
- 1 t × 11,800 km
- Factor source
- GLEC v3.2 mixed-traction intermodal rail (WTW)
Air freight
Long-haul belly cargo
- Distance
- 8,800 km
- Factor (WTW)
- 608 g CO2e/tkm
- Per shipment
- 1 t × 8,800 km
- Factor source
- GLEC v3.2 long-haul belly cargo allocation (WTW)
Mode comparison
On the Shanghai to Hamburg lane, air freight emits about 67 times more CO2e per tonne than sea freight at GLEC v3.2 defaults. The gap is driven by the WTW factor difference between long-haul belly cargo (608 g CO2e/tkm) and a Container ship 10,000-18,000 TEU (4 g CO2e/tkm), partly offset by the shorter great-circle air routing.
Where rail is viable on this lane, it sits between sea and road — see the per-mode card above for the exact split.
Try this in the calculator
These numbers are GLEC v3.2 defaults at 1 tonne. Change weight, vessel class, or load factor in the calculator and see the per-mode CO2e update under ISO 14083:2023 data quality tiers.
Methodology references
- Methodology — GLEC v3.2 emission factors and ISO 14083 data quality tiers
- GLEC v3.2 in practice — three worked emission calculations
- Per-class container ship CO2 factors by TEU range
- What changed in GLEC v3.2 vs v3.0 and v3.1
- Glossary — WTW vs TTW vs WTT, ISO 14083 data quality tier definitions
- The 2026 State of Freight Emissions Report
- All trade-lane CO2 pages