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Mumbai to Singapore freight CO2 emissions
One tonne of cargo shipped Mumbai (INNSA) to Singapore (SGSIN) by sea emits 36 kg CO2e well-to-wake at GLEC v3.2 default factors. The same tonne by air emits 2,383.4 kg — roughly 66x the sea number.
Lane noteIndia-Southeast Asia trunk via Nhava Sheva (JNPT) — transits the Arabian Sea and Malacca Strait. Singapore acts as the relay hub for onward East Asia and Trans-Pacific routes; 8-10 day sailings on the direct service.
Per-tonne CO2e by mode
Sea freight
Container ship 3,000-8,000 TEU
- Distance
- 4,800 km
- Factor (WTW)
- 7.5 g CO2e/tkm
- Per shipment
- 1 t × 4,800 km
- Factor source
- GLEC v3.2 container 8,000-15,000 TEU (Post-Panamax, WTW)
Air freight
Long-haul belly cargo
- Distance
- 3,920 km
- Factor (WTW)
- 608 g CO2e/tkm
- Per shipment
- 1 t × 3,920 km
- Factor source
- GLEC v3.2 long-haul belly cargo allocation (WTW)
Mode comparison
On the Mumbai to Singapore lane, air freight emits about 66 times more CO2e per tonne than sea freight at GLEC v3.2 defaults. The gap is driven by the WTW factor difference between long-haul belly cargo (608 g CO2e/tkm) and a Container ship 3,000-8,000 TEU (7.5 g CO2e/tkm), partly offset by the shorter great-circle air routing.
Try this in the calculator
These numbers are GLEC v3.2 defaults at 1 tonne. Change weight, vessel class, or load factor in the calculator and see the per-mode CO2e update under ISO 14083:2023 data quality tiers.
Methodology references
- Methodology — GLEC v3.2 emission factors and ISO 14083 data quality tiers
- GLEC v3.2 in practice — three worked emission calculations
- Per-class container ship CO2 factors by TEU range
- What changed in GLEC v3.2 vs v3.0 and v3.1
- Glossary — WTW vs TTW vs WTT, ISO 14083 data quality tier definitions
- The 2026 State of Freight Emissions Report
- All trade-lane CO2 pages